When we think of animals using tools, primates like chimpanzees often come to mind. But beneath the waves, dolphins have developed sophisticated tool-use behaviors that rival those of land-dwelling species. From carrying sponges to protect their snouts to crafting marine “bubble nets,” these cetaceans demonstrate problem-solving skills once thought unique to humans.
This article explores the fascinating world of dolphin tool use, the science behind their intelligence, and what these behaviors reveal about their complex cognitive abilities.
1. Sponging: The First Documented Dolphin Tool
Discovery in Shark Bay, Australia
In the 1980s, researchers observed Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in Western Australia carrying marine sponges on their rostrums (snouts). This behavior, called “sponging,” helps them:
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Protect their snouts while foraging on rough seafloor terrain.
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Uncover hidden prey, like bottom-dwelling fish and crustaceans.
A Culturally Learned Skill
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Sponging is passed down from mothers to calves, making it a rare example of non-human cultural transmission.
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Only about 5% of the Shark Bay population uses this technique—mostly females.
A 2020 study in Current Biology found that sponging dolphins have different brain structures than non-spongers, suggesting tool use shapes neural development.
2. Shelling: Dolphins That Use Portable Traps
How It Works
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Dolphins chase fish into large empty shells (like giant sea snail shells).
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They then lift the shells to the surface and shake them, causing the trapped fish to fall into their mouths.
A Rapidly Spreading Innovation
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First observed in 2007, shelling has since spread through Shark Bay’s dolphin population.
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Researchers call this “social learning”—dolphins copying successful behaviors from peers.
3. Bubble Net Fishing: Teamwork Makes the Dream Work
Cooperative Hunting in Florida and Brazil
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Pods of dolphins work together to herd fish into tight balls.
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They then release a ring of bubbles to disorient the fish, making them easier to catch.
Why It’s Unique
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Unlike humpback whales (which also use bubble nets), dolphins tailor their technique based on prey type.
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Some even use mud plumes in shallow waters to trap fish.
4. Coral “Medicine” Use: Dolphins That Self-Medicate
Rubbing Against Bioactive Corals
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In the Red Sea, dolphins have been observed rushing to specific corals after hunting.
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Scientists believe these corals contain antibacterial compounds that help dolphins avoid infections.
A Potential Breakthrough for Marine Medicine
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Researchers are now studying these corals for new antibiotic properties.
5. Why Are Dolphins So Skilled with Tools?
Brain Power
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Dolphins have the second-largest brain-to-body ratio after humans.
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Their neocortex (associated with reasoning) is highly developed.
Social Intelligence
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Living in complex societies encourages innovation and learning.
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Tool use may have evolved as a way to reduce competition for food.
Environmental Pressure
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In habitats with scarce prey, tool use provides a critical survival advantage.
6. Human Impact: Threats to Tool-Using Dolphins
Overfishing
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Depletes prey, forcing dolphins to rely more on tool use—but also increases competition.
Climate Change
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Coral bleaching and habitat loss disrupt traditional foraging grounds.
Marine Pollution
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Plastic waste can interfere with tool-based hunting strategies.
Conclusion: What Dolphin Tool Use Teaches Us About Intelligence
Dolphins challenge our understanding of animal cognition, proving that intelligence evolves in many forms. Their tool use—whether sponging, shelling, or bubble netting—reveals a depth of problem-solving once thought uniquely human.
As we study these remarkable behaviors, we must also protect the marine ecosystems that allow such intelligence to thrive.
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